Are you looking for information about reviewing for the Ophthalmic Knowledge Assessment Program (OKAP) exam?  Here is the place to find all the articles and links you want!

General Information

Here are links to articles about the OKAP exam:

Study Schedule

If you are looking for help in figuring out how to budget time to learn all the material in the course of a year, here are some links that can help you:

Reviews by Topic

Here are articles highlight specific topics and concepts that are important to know in ophthalmology for various reason:

General Medicine

Fundamentals and Principles of Ophthalmology

  • Orbital and Eyelid Anatomy
  • Lacrimal System Anatomy
  • Corneal Anatomy
  • Lens and Anterior Segment Anatomy
  • Uveal Anatomy
  • Retina and Vitreous Anatomy
  • Cranial Nerves
  • Organogenesis
  • Genetics Terminology
  • Aniridia
  • Aqueous Humor Physiology and Biochemistry
  • Glaucoma Medications
  • Anti-Inflammatory Agents
  • Mechanism of Action of Ophthalmic Medications

Clinical Optics

  • Vergence
  • Lenses
  • The model eye
  • Refraction
  • Vertex distance
  • Bifocals
  • Astigmatism
  • Contact lenses
  • Intraocular lenses
  • Refractive surgery
  • Magnification and telescopes
  • Low vision
  • Mirrors
  • Prisms
  • Instruments
  • Managing optical causes of distorted/poor vision
  • Optics equations

Ophthalmic Pathology and Intraocular Tumors

  • Phthisis bulbi
  • Common stains
  • Immunohistochemistry
  • Ocular surface squamous neoplasia
  • Conjunctival nevi
  • Conjunctival lymphoma
  • Elastotic degeneration
  • Zonal granulomas
  • Lens-associated glaucomas and uveitides
  • Retinoblastoma
  • Skin lesions associated with visceral tumors
  • Molluscum Contagiosum
  • Skin Cancers
    • Keratoacanthoma
    • SCC
    • Sebaceous Cell Carcinoma
    • Basal Cell Carcinoma
    • Melanoma
  • Uveal Melanoma
  • Hemangiomas
  • Leukocoria
  • Primary Intraocular Lymphoma

Neuro-Ophthalmology

  • Papilledema and Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension
  • Arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy and Giant Cell Arteritis
  • Non-arteritic Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy
  • Neuroretinitis
  • Optic disc drusen
  • Congenital optic nerve anomalies
  • Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy
  • Optic neuritis and multiple sclerosis
  • Optic nerve sheath meningioma and optic nerve glioma
  • Pituitary adenoma and other chiasmatic diseases
  • Retrochiasmatic lesions
  • Transient monocular visual loss
  • Dorsal midbrain syndrome
  • Neurological causes of diplopia
  • Myasthenia gravis
  • Functional vision loss
  • Myotonic dystrophy

Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus

  • Types of amblyopia
  • Treatment of amblyopia
  • Cycloplegic agents
  • Congenital/infantile esotropia
  • Accommodative esotropia
  • Superior oblique palsy ± inferior oblique overaction
  • Duane syndrome
  • Brown syndrome
  • Guidelines for strabismus surgery
  • Complications of strabismus surgery
  • CHARGE syndrome
  • Ophthalmia neonatorum
  • Congenital rubella syndrome
  • Kawasaki disease
  • Peters anomaly
  • Wilson disease
  • Congenital syphilis
  • Juvenile xanthogranuloma
  • Persistent fetal vasculature
  • Hyaloidal vasculature remnants
    • Mittendorf dot
    • Cloquet canal
    • Bergmeister papillae
    • Albinism
  • Alport syndrome
  • Congenital nystagmus
  • Neurofibromatosis
  • Tuberous sclerosis
  • Von Hippel-Lindau disease
  • Sturge-Weber syndrome
  • Ataxia-Telangiectasia
  • Incontinentia pigmenti
  • Wyburn-Mason syndrome
  • Goldenhar syndrome
  • Fetal alcohol syndrome
  • Craniosynostoses
  • Shaken baby syndrome

Orbit, Eyelids, and Lacrimal System

  • Thyroid eye disease
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Neuroblastoma
  • Capillary and cavernous hemangiomas of the orbit and eyelid
  • PHACE(S) syndrome
  • Orbital cellulitis
  • Orbital schwannoma
  • Orbital lymphoma (and lacrimal gland)
  • Pleomorphic adenoma of the lacrimal gland
  • Adenoid cystic carcinoma of the lacrimal gland
  • Blepharophimosis syndrome
  • Nevus of Ota
  • Eyelid surgical repair techniques
  • Molluscum contagiosum
  • Causes of dacryoadenitis
  • Nasolacrimal duct obstruction (congenital and acquired)

External Disease, Cornea, and Anterior Segment Trauma

  • Vernal keratoconjunctivitis
  • Peripheral ulcerative keratitis and Mooren’s ulcer
  • Follicular conjunctivitis
  • Interstitial keratitis
  • Keratoconus
  • Ocular rosacea
  • Dry eye syndrome
  • Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis
  • Herpes simplex keratitis and the HEDS
  • Corneal ring infiltrates
  • Staphylococcal marginal keratitis
  • Cogan syndrome
  • Conjunctival lymphoma
  • Epithelial basement membrane dystrophy
  • Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy
  • Posterior polymorphous dystrophy
  • Fuchs endothelial basement membrane dystrophy
  • Band keratopathy
  • Enlarged corneal nerves
  • Iron lines
  • Management of traumatic hyphema

Lens and Cataract

  • Pediatric cataracts and management
  • Ectopia lentis
  • Lowe syndrome
  • Microspherophakia
  • Weill-Marchesani Syndrome
  • Marfan syndrome
  • Drug-induced lens changes

Refractive Management and Intervention

  • Wavefront analysis
  • Corneal effects of keratorefractive surgery
  • Laser biophysics
  • Incisional corneal surgery
  • Surface ablation surgeries
  • LASIK
  • Complications of photoablative surgery
  • Accommodation and presbyopia
  • Treatment of presbyopia
  • Refractive surgery in ocular and systemic disease

Intraocular Inflammation and Uveitis

  • Juvenile idiopathic arthritis
  • Toxocariasis
  • Toxoplasmosis
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Vogt-Koyanagi-Harada syndrome
  • HLA-B27-related uveitis
  • Fuchs heterochromic iridocyclitis
  • Pars planitis
  • Birdshot retinochoroidopathy
  • Acute Posterior Multifocal Placoid Pigment Epitheliopathy (APMPPE)
  • Serpiginous choroidopathy
  • Sympathetic ophthalmia
  • Behcet disease
  • Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome
  • Syphilis
  • Lyme disease
  • Tuberculosis
  • Endophthalmitis

Glaucoma

  • Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome
  • Genetics of glaucoma
  • Primary congenital glaucoma
  • Treatment of pediatric glaucoma
  • Glaucomatocyclitic crisis (Posner-Schlossman syndrome)
  • Trauma and the Angle
    • Angle Recession Glaucoma
    • Iridodialysis
    • Cyclodialysis
  • Hemolytic and ghost cell glaucoma
  • Pseudoexfoliation glaucoma
  • Pigmentary dispersion syndrome and pigmentary glaucoma
  • ICE syndrome
  • Epithelial/fibrous downgrowth
  • Aqueous misdirection glaucoma
  • Considerations for medical management of glaucoma
  • Surgical management of glaucoma
  • Blebitis

Retina and Vitreous

  • Macular degeneration
  • Diabetic retinopathy
  • Central serous choroidopathy
  • Retinopathy of prematurity
  • Coats disease
  • Stargardt disease
  • Best vitelliform macular dystrophy
  • Stickler syndrome
  • X-linked juvenile retinoschisis
  • Goldmann-Favre vitreoretinal dystrophy
  • Angioid streaks
  • Pathologic myopia
  • Sickle cell retinopathy
  • Retinal artery occlusion
    • BRAO
    • CRAO
    • Cotton-wool spots
  • Ocular ischemic syndrome
  • Retinal vein occlusion
    • BRVO
    • CRVO
    • Studies
  • Cystoid macular edema
  • Retinal arterial macroaneurysm
  • Purtscher retinopathy
  • Terson syndrome
  • CMV retinitis
  • Diffuse unilateral subacute neuroretinitis
  • Gyrate atrophy
  • Refsum disease
  • Bulls-eye maculopathy
  • Risk factors for retinal detachment
  • Rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
  • Exudative retinal detachment
  • Familial exudative vitreoretinopathy
  • Commotio retinae
  • Photic damage to the retina